Hunt, M. G., Marx, R., Lipson, C., & Young, J. (2018). “No More FOMO: Limiting Social Media Decreases Loneliness and Depression.” Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology.
This University of Pennsylvania study found that limiting Facebook, Snapchat, and Instagram use to about 30 minutes per day led to significant reductions in loneliness and depression over three weeks.
https://guilfordjournals.com/doi/10.1521/jscp.2018.37.10.751
University of Pennsylvania. “Social media use increases depression and loneliness.” Penn Today, November 9, 2018.
A plain-language summary of the Penn study on limiting social media use and its effects on well-being.
https://penntoday.upenn.edu/news/social-media-use-increases-depression-and-loneliness
Schultz, W. (2016). “Dopamine reward prediction error coding.” Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience.
Explains how dopamine is connected not only to pleasure, but also to reward prediction, anticipation, learning, and motivation.
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4826767/
Lerner, T. N., Holloway, A. L., & Seiler, J. L. (2020). “Dopamine, Updated: Reward Prediction Error and Beyond.” Current Opinion in Neurobiology.
A modern overview of dopamine’s role in reinforcement learning, prediction error, and reward-related behavior.
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8116345/
Dores, A. R., et al. (2025). “The Effects of Social Feedback Through the ‘Like’ Feature on Brain Activity: A Systematic Review.”
A systematic review of research on how online social feedback, especially likes, is associated with measurable brain activity using fMRI and EEG studies.
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11719588/
Wadsley, M., Ihssen, N., & Bilderbeck, A. C. (2023). “A Systematic Review of Structural and Functional MRI Studies Investigating Social Networking Service Use.”
Reviews MRI research on social networking use and problematic or compulsive SNS use, including associations with reward, attention, and emotional regulation systems.
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10216498/
Montag, C., et al. (2023). “Neuroimaging the effects of smartphone (over-)use on brain function and structure — a review on the current state of MRI-based findings.”
A review of MRI studies examining excessive smartphone use and its possible associations with brain structure, brain function, mental health, and cognitive-emotional processes.
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10917376/
Servidio, R., et al. (2024). “Fear of missing out and problematic social media use: A serial mediation model of social comparison and self-esteem.”
Explores how fear of missing out may contribute to problematic social media use through social comparison and self-esteem.
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10943642/
Steinberger, P., et al. (2023). “Social comparison of ability and fear of missing out mediate the relationship between subjective well-being and social network site addiction.”
Examines the connection between social comparison, FOMO, subjective well-being, and problematic social networking behavior.
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10332318/
Naslund, J. A., Bondre, A., Torous, J., & Aschbrenner, K. A. (2020). “Social Media and Mental Health: Benefits, Risks, and Opportunities for Research and Practice.” Journal of Technology in Behavioral Science.
A broader review of both the potential benefits and risks of social media use, including social comparison, mental health concerns, and opportunities for healthier digital habits.
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7785056/